Slave-makers rob brood from colonies of their host species and transport them to their own nests. Slavery (dulosis) is the most spectacular form of social parasitism in ants and one of the most unusual interspecific relationships in the animal world (e.g. We also indicate some open questions which remain to be answered by future research.

In this review, we present and discuss all these diverse (often interrelated) expressions of slave opposition to their enslavers, focussing our discussion on both proximate and evolutionary causation of the discussed phenomena. partial or complete self-liberation of slaves from slave-maker colonies. activities of slaves leading to weakening of the slave-maker colony and population, and (4) slave emancipation, i.e. They may be classified into four categories: (1) acts of physical aggression directed by slaves to slave-makers, (2) attempts of slaves to reproduce within a slave-maker colony, (3) РІР‚ВsabotageРІР‚в„ў, i.e. However, evidence that slaves may act also in favour of their own maternal population by engaging in various forms of the so-called slave rebellions is already quite extensive and may be found in both old and recent myrmecological literature, although, unfortunately, these data are often neglected or overlooked. Until recently, it was generally believed that enslaved workers act solely for the benefit of their social parasite and are wholly lost for their own colony and population. Whereas slaves of facultative slave-makers increase the workforce of the colony, in obligate slave-makers presence of slaves is vital for colony survival. Slavery in ants involves robbing of brood of host ant species and rearing captured individuals in the enslaverРІР‚в„ўs nest.

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